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Authors
Karakus, Mustafa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1200-3359
Welch, Rikki https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0500-8403
Tucker, Meg
Rao, Tanvi https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4197-3647
Lee, Peter https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2962-8541
Ilie, Cristian https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6333-3634
Ghose, Sushmita Shoma
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHSS283201700031I/ 75S20322F42003)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (HHSS283201700031I/75S20322F42003, HHSS283201700031I/75S20322F42003, HHSS283201700031I/75S20322F42003, HHSS283201700031I/75S20322F42003, HHSS283201700031I/75S20322F42003, HHSS283201700031I/75S20322F42003)
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Article History
Received: 2 June 2025
Revised: 2 October 2025
Accepted: 24 October 2025
First Online: 11 November 2025
Competing interests
: The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of SAMHSA. The authors report no competing interests or disclosures.
: The present study, performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, was determined to be exempt from review by Westat’s institutional review board, which is certified by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services through a Federalwide Assurance to independently review and certify studies.
