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Article History

Received: 3 June 2025

Revised: 15 October 2025

Accepted: 28 October 2025

First Online: 7 November 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Japanese Red Cross Medical Center (approval code: 1675) and conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Because this was a retrospective observational study, the requirement for written informed consent was waived, and the study proceeded using an opt-out approach.