Di Fiore, Juliann M.
Chen, Zhengyi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2745-4454
Minich, Nori
Wilson-Costello, Deanne https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3709-2706
Martin, Richard J.
Hibbs, Anna Maria
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U01HL133643)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U01HL133708)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K24HL143291)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K24HL143291)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K24HL143291)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U01HL133643)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U01 HL133643)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K24HL143291)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UM1TR004528)
Article History
Received: 8 August 2025
Revised: 17 October 2025
Accepted: 10 November 2025
First Online: 8 December 2025
Change Date: 6 April 2026
Change Type: Update
Change Details: Figure legend 2 has been corrected.
Change Date: 7 April 2026
Change Type: Correction
Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:
Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-026-02647-4
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. The study was approved by the University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center Institutional Review Board, approval # 04-16-26, and an Observational and Safety Monitoring Board appointed by the NHLBI and performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This study included infants previously enrolled in the Pre-Vent CWRU site study with informed parental consent and whose parents consented to any follow-up.