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Authors
Chou, Fu-Sheng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5770-0580
Yeh, Hung-Wen
Hsueh, Crystal
Plascencia, Susana C.
Rowen, Neil P.
Chang, Michael S.
Clark, Reese H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7363-4640
Lakshmanan, Ashwini https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8259-1905
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Article History
Received: 11 August 2025
Revised: 29 November 2025
Accepted: 27 January 2026
First Online: 4 February 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This research was designated as non-human subject research by the Institutional Review Board of Southern California Kaiser Permanente (KPSC IRB) owing to the use of pre-existing de-identified data, thus exempting the requirement for informed consent. Participants could not be informed about the study due to the absence of identifiable information. All procedures complied with applicable guidelines and regulations.
