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Authors
Katz, Jenna A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4852-6752
Levy, Philip T. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5103-5834
Zaniletti, Isabella https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1234-3468
Ball, Molly K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7036-0974
Seabrook, Ruth https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0352-2651
Bhombal, Shazia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4581-246X
Murthy, Karna
Padula, Michael A.
Gowda, Sharada H. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7009-4821
Grover, Theresa R.
Keene, Sarah D.
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Article History
Received: 15 September 2025
Revised: 15 December 2025
Accepted: 9 February 2026
First Online: 2 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Each individual CHNC site has received local ethical oversight for data entry into CHND, and the Stanley Manne Research Institute at Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago provided an exemption to analyze de-identified data from CHND (IRB#: 2011-14673). Informed consent has been waived for data entry into CHND. This study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
