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Authors
Boutzoukas, Angelique E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9477-1492
Le, Jennifer
Kilpatrick, Ryan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1059-2401
Smith, Michael J.
Laughon, Matthew https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4052-3215
Gonzalez, Daniel
Wade, Kelly C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7859-0771
Greenberg, Rachel G. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4156-8543
Babilonia-Rosa, Melissa
Benjamin Jr, Daniel K.
Cohen-Wolkowiez, Michael
Zimmerman, Kanecia O.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Duke | Duke University School of Medicine | Duke Clinical Research Institute
Thrasher Research Fund
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K23HD113839)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32HD094671)
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Article History
Received: 31 March 2025
Revised: 29 January 2026
Accepted: 24 February 2026
First Online: 13 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study was approved by Duke University Institutional Review Board (Pro000042519). Participants’ parents or legal guardians completed written consent to participate, and the study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
