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Authors
Baumann, Lorelei J.
Darden, Niesha
Ledyard, Rachel
Parker, Margaret G. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6338-3350
Power, Maggie E.
Walker, Laura
Durnwald, Celeste P.
Burris, Heather H. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4510-9547
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Optum; March of Dimes Research Center to Advance Maternal Health Equity at the University of Pennsylvania
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Article History
Received: 1 August 2025
Revised: 22 January 2026
Accepted: 25 February 2026
First Online: 6 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study protocol was granted approval by the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board (IRB protocol 851606). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All study procedures were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
