Pineda, R. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9240-4798
Woodward, LJ
Vesoulis, ZA https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8290-0069
Smyser, CD https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4716-5190
Inder, TE
Mathur, AM
Schlaggar, BL
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K12 HD055931)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P50 HD103525)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1 TR000448)
The Barnes-Jewish Hospital Foundation
Article History
Received: 25 November 2025
Revised: 28 January 2026
Accepted: 25 February 2026
First Online: 13 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Washington University Human Research Protection Office under IRB #201411075. With an additional review by the IRB at the University of Southern California under IRB #UP-20-01461. Parents signed informed consent for their infants to participate. This study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.