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Authors
Chawla, Sanjay https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7299-2737
Greenberg, Rachel G. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4156-8543
Boddu, Praveen Kumar https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1777-593X
Katheria, Anup https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9352-0934
Coughlin, Katherine
Deora, Kanika
Weiner, Gary https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9026-6149
Lee, Henry C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8383-1720
Kalra, Vaneet
Chiruvolu, Arpitha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3289-7874
Wiswell, Thomas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3290-3610
Lakshminrusimha, Satyan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6098-2155
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ashok and Ingrid Sarnaik Faculty Research Endowment at Children's Hospital of Michigan
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Article History
Received: 6 November 2025
Revised: 4 February 2026
Accepted: 11 March 2026
First Online: 31 March 2026
Competing interests
: Dr. Lakshminrusimha is a member of the Editorial Board of J of Perinatology. There is no other potential conflict of interest, real or perceived, in the conduct of this study. All study authors were involved in the collection of data, review of the manuscript, and the decision to submit this manuscript to the Journal of Perinatology. No honorarium, grant, or payment was provided to anyone to produce this manuscript.
: This multicenter retrospective study was conducted in strict adherence to all applicable guidelines and regulations. Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was secured from each participating site (Duke Health IRB: Pro00101971; University of California, Davis: IRB1367680-1; Wayne State University: IRB104218MP2E; Sharp Center for Research: IRB00000920). In view of the retrospective nature of the study and the use of de-identified data, the requirement for informed consent was formally waived by the respective IRBs.
