Devlin, Lori A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3826-4733
Kraft, Walter K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5074-0141
Babineau, Denise C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9776-9080
Rhodes, Evan
Das, Abhik https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2722-0479
Crawford, Margaret
Merhar, Stephanie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3331-4220
Telang, Sucheta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7180-0350
Leeman, Lawrence
Sokol, Gregory M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2917-1423
Ambalavanan, Namasivayam https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0731-9092
DeMauro, Sara B. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1647-4000
Hall, Richard W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3264-3217
Lorch, Scott A.
,
Schmidt, Augusto Santos
Das, Abhik
Ambalavanan, Namasivayam
Hall, Richard W.
Kraft, Walter K.
Leeman, Lawrence
Lorch, Scott A.
Merhar, Stephanie L.
Devlin, Lori A.
Sokol, Gregory M.
Poindexter, Brenda
Davis, Jonathan M.
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (UG1 HD107649)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (UG1 HD107628)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U24 HD107621)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U24 HD107621)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U24 HD107621)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U24 HD107621)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (UG1 HD107616)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (UG1 HD107649)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (UG1 HD107627)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (UG1 HD107653)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (UG1 HD107580)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (UG1 HD107631)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (UG1 HD107650)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (UG1 HD107631)
Article History
Received: 3 September 2025
Revised: 5 February 2026
Accepted: 11 March 2026
First Online: 16 April 2026
Competing interests
: Authors on this manuscript do not report any conflicts of interest.
: Advarra served as the single Institutional Review Board for this study with reliance agreements for all sites and approved this study (Pro00063130) to be conducted under waiver of written consent using the Department of Health and Human Services regulations 45CFR.104(d)(4). All research procedures were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.