Hills, Sonia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-3236
Werner, Meghan
Douglas, Jessica
D’Gama, Alissa M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2482-5328
Wojcik, Monica H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8162-5031
Young, Vanessa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2258-4433
,
Yu, Timothy W. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2988-7701
Agrawal, Pankaj B.
Parker, Margaret G. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6338-3350
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Human Genome Research Institute (R01 HG011798)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Human Genome Research Institute (R01 HG011798)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Human Genome Research Institute (R01 HG011798)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Human Genome Research Institute (R01 HG011798)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Human Genome Research Institute (R01 HG011798)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Human Genome Research Institute (R01 HG011798)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Human Genome Research Institute (R01 HG011798)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Human Genome Research Institute (R01 HG011798)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Human Genome Research Institute (R01 HG011798)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K23 HD102589)
Article History
Received: 20 October 2025
Revised: 18 February 2026
Accepted: 25 March 2026
First Online: 5 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Boston Children’s Hospital (BCH) (FW A00002071) as the single IRB with active reliance agreements at partnering safety-net NICU sites. Families provide written informed consent electronically, and provider consent is implied through the completion of study procedures. The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.