Sun, Zeyuan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2309-8149
Ge, Yan https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2699-0493
Leoni, Marguerite https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1078-0533
Chew, Andrew T. M.
Lawrence, Andrew J.
Counsell, Serena J.
Hajnal, Joseph V.
Edwards, A. David https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4801-7066
Dazzan, Paola
Batalle, Dafnis https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2097-979X
Nosarti, Chiara https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6305-9710
Funding for this research was provided by:
DH | NIHR | Programme Grants for Applied Research (RP-PG-0707-10154)
RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/K006355/1)
RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/S026460/1)
Action Medical Research (GN2606)
Article History
Received: 6 July 2025
Revised: 11 March 2026
Accepted: 25 March 2026
First Online: 15 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Informed consent was obtained from parents of all infant participants included in the study.