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Authors
Kim, Soeun
Lee, Kyeongmin
Kim, Tae Hyeon
Cho, Jaehyeong
Oh, Jiyeon
Lee, Sooji
Hong, Seohyun
Yeo, Dongjin
Smith, Lee
Hajek, André
Hwang, Yerin
Woo, Selin
Hwang, Hyeon Seok
Yon, Dong Keon https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1628-9948
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (IITP-2026-RS-2024-00438239)
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Article History
Received: 26 January 2026
Revised: 12 April 2026
Accepted: 15 May 2026
First Online: 26 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study used publicly available, de-identified, and aggregated data obtained from the United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME) database (childmortality.org). All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. As this study used anonymized, publicly available secondary data and did not involve individual-level data or direct participation of humans or animals, ethical approval and informed consent to participate were not required. Consent for publication of identifiable images was not applicable.
