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Funding for this research was provided by:
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SCHE 1870/3-1)
Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Innere Medizin Mertelsmann Foundation Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung
José Carreras DGHO Fellowship
Berta-Ottenstein Programm Förderlinie Clinician Scientist of the University Medical Center Freiburg
Fraunhofer Society Germany
Article History
Received: 24 January 2025
Revised: 6 March 2025
Accepted: 20 March 2025
First Online: 9 April 2025
Competing interests
: FS receives research funding from Gilead Sciences, Roche Sequencing Solutions, and Takeda, and received honoraria from AstraZeneca and Servier. SKA reports consulting for Foresight Diagnostics. ES received honoraria from SERB Pharmaceuticals. NN serves on advisory board for Servier and is consultant for B. Braun. PCR received honoraria from Arcana and serves as consultant for Boston Scientific, Inomed, and Brainlab. All other authors did not report any conflicts of interest related to this work. This work was supported by the Advanced Clinician Scientist Program of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Innere Medizin (DGIM, to FS), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, to FS), the Mertelsmann Foundation (to FS), the German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung, DKTK, to FS), the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (to FS and PCR), and Fraunhofer Society Germany (to PCR). SW is supported by the José Carreras-DGHO fellowship. JCK and NN are supported by the Berta-Ottenstein Programm Förderlinie Clinician Scientist of the University Medical Center Freiburg.
: All analyses in this manuscript have been performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. All participants provided informed consent for sample collection and data analysis. Samples from the development and validation cohorts were collected from patients participating in research studies conducted at the University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany (DRKS15307), and University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Germany (Nr. 22-0008) that were approved by the ethics committees in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The observational study was a retrospective analysis conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the ethics committee of the University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany (DRKS00034686).