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Article History

Received: 28 May 2025

Revised: 30 July 2025

Accepted: 1 September 2025

First Online: 5 September 2025

Competing interests

: GM-B declares research funding from IFM Therapeutics, Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Daichii Sankyo, Stemline Therapeutics, and Salarius Pharmaceuticals. SL declares research support from Amgen and Astellas and consulting fees from AbbVie, AlphaSight, Arima, Blueprint Medicine, BMS, Caris, Daiichi-Sankyo, Gerson Lehrman Group, Guide Point, Immunogen, Kura Oncology, QualWorld, Recordati, Servier, Stemline Syndax, Tempus AI. KS declares honoraria from Otsuka Pharma, and consultancy fee from Pfizer Japan. TK declares grants from BMS, AbbVie, Amgen, Ascentage Pharma Group, Astellas Pharma, DrenBio, Astex, AstraZeneca, BMS, Celgene, Incyte, Cellenkos, Cyclacel, Delta-Fly Pharma, Genentech, Genfleet, Glycomimetics, Iterion, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Pulmotect, Regeneron, and SELLAS; consulting fees from AbbVie, Agios, Daiichi Sankyo, Genentech, Genzyme, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Liberum, Novartis, Pfizer, PinotBio, Pulmotect, Sanofi-Aventis, and Servier; payment/honoraria from AbbVie, Agios, Daiichi Sankyo, DAVA Oncology, Delta-Fly, DrenBio, Genentech, Genfleet, Genzyme, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Liberum, Novartis, Pfizer, Rigel, Sanofi-Aventis, SELLAS, and Servier. CD declares grants from AbbVie, Astex, ImmuneOnc, BMS, Cleave, Foghorn, Loxo, Rigel, and Servier; consulting fees from Amgen, AbbVie, Astellas, BMS, Genmab, GSK, Gilead, Jazz, Shrodinger, Servier, and Stemline; payment/honoraria from AbbVie, Astellas, BMS, Jazz, and Servier; travel support from Servier; participation on data safety board for Genmab. EJ declares research funding from Amgen, Pfizer, Abbvie, Adaptive Biotechnologies, Astex, Ascentage, and consulting fees from Amgen, Pfizer, Abbvie, Takeda, Adaptive Biotechnologies, Astex, Ascentage, Genentech, Novartis, BMS, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Hikma Pharmaceuticals, Incyte. NS reports research funding from Astellas Pharma, Stemline Therapeutics, Xencor, Takeda Oncology, consulting fees from Pfizer, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, payment/honoraria from Pfizer, Novartis, Astellas Pharma, Amgen. ND declares grants from Daiichi-Sankyo, BMS, Pfizer, Gilead, Servier, Genentech, Astellas, AbbVie, ImmunoGen, Amgen, Trillium, Hanmi, Trovagene, FATE Therapeutics, Novimmune, Glycomimetics, and KITE; and consulting fees from Daiichi-Sankyo, BMS, Pfizer, Gilead, Servier, Genentech, Astellas, AbbVie, ImmunoGen, Amgen, Trillium, Arog, Novartis, Jazz, Celgene, Syndax, Shattuck Labs, Agios, KITE, and Stemline/Menarini. FR declares research funding from Astex and Taiho Oncology; consultancy from BMS, Abbvie. GG-M declares grants from Astex, Novartis, AbbVie, Genentech, Aprea, Curis, and Gilead; consulting fees from Astex, Acceleron, and BMS; payment/honoraria from Astex, Acceleron, AbbVie, Gilead, Curis, Genentech, and BMS. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.

: All methods were performed in accordance to the relevant guidelines and regulations. Ethics approval for this study was obtained by the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center IRB (file number 2024-0128). Informed consent was waived due to the non-interventional, retrospective nature of this study.