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Authors
Frede, Julia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4380-9673
Poller, Julia C.
Shi, Kayleen
Stuart, Hannah
Sotudeh, Noori
Havig, Claire
Lim, Klothilda
Wiggers, Caroline R. M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6633-1468
Cho, Eugene Y.
Vijaykumar, Tushara
Liu, Jianlin
Waldschmidt, Johannes M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5340-1818
Nair, Monica S.
Anand, Praveen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2478-7042
Dimitrova, Valeriya
Montanaro, Anna
Yee, Andrew J.
Munshi, Nikhil C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7344-9795
Anderson, Kenneth C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6418-0886
Martin, Nathan
Kaiser, Shari M.
Raab, Marc-Steffen https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4181-6922
Raje, Noopur S.
Knoechel, Birgit https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8040-0535
Lohr, Jens G. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3486-2445
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Celgene
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Article History
Received: 26 November 2024
Revised: 14 July 2025
Accepted: 4 September 2025
First Online: 19 September 2025
Competing interests
: This project was supported by grants from Bristol Myers Squibb. S.M.K. is an employee of Bristol Myers Squibb. N.M. was an employee of Bristol Myers Squibb at the time the study was performed. PA is currently employed by Union Chimique Belge (UCB).
: All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The KarMMa-2 (NCT03601078) and KarMMa-3 (NCT03651128) clinical trials that collected the patient samples used in this study were approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) or Independent Ethics Committee (IEC) at each participating center and were conducted in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants at the time of original sample collection. The Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Institutional Review Board (DFCI IRB) reviewed the present study and determined that it does not involve human subjects research (protocols 19-511 and 19-694). No identifiable images from human research participants are included in this publication.
