Sakuma, Maki https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7579-6232
Wang, Amy K. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9727-7552
Magaziner, Samuel J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5345-217X
Keane, Sachiko P.
Meggendorfer, Manja https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9038-3265
Kern, Wolfgang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6452-2874
Haferlach, Claudia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6333-5049
Haferlach, Torsten https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0196-2837
Beck, David B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5884-6231
Walter, Wencke https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5083-9838
Funding for this research was provided by:
EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (953407)
U.S. Department of Defense (BMFRP-IDA HT9425-23-1-0507)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | NCI | Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (R00AR078205)
Gabrielle's Angel Foundation for Cancer Research
Edward P. Evans Foundation
Article History
Received: 22 August 2025
Accepted: 16 September 2025
First Online: 9 October 2025
Competing interests
: CH, WK, and TH declare equity ownership of MLL Munich Leukemia Laboratory. MS, MM, and WW are employed by MLL Munich Leukemia Laboratory.
: All patients gave their informed consent for genetic analyses and the use of laboratory results for research purposes. The study adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the laboratory´s institutional review board and the Ethics Committee of the Bavarian Medical Association for the use of archived DNA/RNA samples and associated clinical information. The clinical data were retrieved, and the samples were collected and analysed with the endorsement of the Ethics Committee of the Bavarian Medical Association.