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Authors
Stein, Catarina M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9015-7671
Hablesreiter, Raphael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4586-932X
Christen, Friederike https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8868-2533
Löwe, Pelle
Fustero-Torre, Coral
Kopp, Klara
Locher, Benjamin N.
Nitsch, Lena
Altwasser, Robert
Kerschbaum, Johanna Franziska
Bullinger, Lars https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5890-5510
Ludwig, Leif S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2916-2164
Strzelecka, Paulina M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0226-6788
Damm, Frederik https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5553-1173
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Deutsche Krebshilfe (70113643)
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DA 1787/6-1)
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Article History
Received: 19 July 2025
Revised: 23 October 2025
Accepted: 20 November 2025
First Online: 19 December 2025
Competing interests
: The Broad Institute has filed for patents relating to the use of technologies described in this paper, where LSL is named inventor (US patent applications 17/251,451 and 17/928,696). FD reports personal fees from AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Gilead, Incyte, Novartis, and Roche outside the submitted work. LB reports advisory roles for Abbvie, Amgen, Astellas, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Daiichi Sanki, Gilead, Hexal, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Menarini, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, Servier, as well as research funding from Bayer, Jazz Pharmaceuticals. JFK reports personal fees from Gilead and Janssen outside the submitted work.
: The study was approved by the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin ethics review committee (EA1/286/20). Written informed consent was obtained in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All methods were conducted in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.
