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Article History

Received: 30 July 2025

Revised: 24 November 2025

Accepted: 2 December 2025

First Online: 7 January 2026

Competing interests

: NB no COIs declared; TM receives grants or contracts from Funding for Research to University (UCSF); CH received grants or contracts from Sanofi, BMS, Janssen, AbbVie, received royalties or licenses from Recursion pharmaceuticals, received consulting fees from AbbVie, Janssen; MVM received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Johnson & Johnson, BMS, Amgen, Sanofi, GSK, Pfizer, AbbVie, Astra Zeneca, Stemline Menarini, Oncopeptide, Regeneron; MH received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Janssen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Takeda, Celgene, GlaxoSmithKline, and Oncopeptides; LP received consulting fees from Johnson & Johnson, received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Johnson & Johnson, Bristol Myers Squibb, Takeda, Amgen, GSK, received support for attending meetings and/or travel from AbbVie, Johnson & Johnson, Takeda, participated on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Johnson & Johnson, Bristol Myers Squibb, Takeda, Amgen, GSK, Sanofi, Menarini; SN received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Targeted Oncology, and participated on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Bristol Myers Squibb, Johnson & Johnson, GSK, Pfizer, and Sanofi; PR declared no COIs; AS received consulting fees from Sanofi, Incyte, received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events Takeda, BMS, Roche, AbbVie, Amgen, Celgene, Servier, Gilead, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Arqule, Lilly, Sandoz, Eisai, Novartis, Bayer, MSD, Beigene, participated on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for BMS, Servier, Gliead, Pfizer, Eisai, Bayer, MSD; PR-O received consulting fees from BMS, Johnson & Johnson, GSK, Pfizer, Regeneron, AstraZeneca, Roche, AbbVie, Sanofi, H3 Biomedicine, Menarini Stemlin, Oncopeptides, received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from BMS, Johnson & Johnson, GSK, Pfizer, participated on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for BMS, Johnson & Johnson, Regeneron; MC declared no COIs; JC declared no COIs; CC is a BMS employee and owns BMS stock; BK is a BMS employee and owns patents and stock from BMS; AG is a BMS employee and owns BMS stock; EGT is a BMS employee and owns BMS stock; YS is a BMS employee and owns BMS stock; SZ declared no COIs; KS is a BMS employee and owns BMS stock; SGS is a BMS employee and owns BMS stock; MRB is a BMS employee and owns patents and stock from BMS; LJC received grants or contracts from Amgen, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, Genetech, Caribou, and AstraZeneca; received consulting fees from Amgen, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, Genetech, Caribou, AstraZeneca, BMS, and Sanofi; and received honoraria from Amgen, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, Beigene, BMS, Sanofi, and Adaptive Biotechnologies.