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Authors
Nickels, Eric M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5536-263X
Morimoto, Libby M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1509-739X
Kang, Alice Y. https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8455-3481
Metayer, Catherine https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3467-4145
Wiemels, Joseph L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4838-9951
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01ES009137)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (P42ES004705)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R24ES028524)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U24ES028524)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (P01ES018172)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (P50ES018172)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (RD83451101)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (RD83615901)
CHILDREN with CANCER UK (19-308)
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Article History
Received: 28 April 2025
Revised: 10 December 2025
Accepted: 27 January 2026
First Online: 24 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The institutional review boards of participating institutions and the State of California Health and Human Service Agency Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects (project number 2019-295) approved the study protocol. Written informed consent was obtained from a parent of participants, with assent from participants aged 7 years or older when appropriate.
