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Authors
Gao, Jing
Zhao, Xiaohong
Yin, Qing
Hu, Allen
Qiu, Kevin
Blackburn, Loryn
Lei, Lenny
Xiong, Rui
Bi, Chengfeng https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5375-7515
Craig, Jeffrey W. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1295-3258
Portell, Craig A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9487-8345
Davila, Marco L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6270-3065
Williams, Michael E. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5981-9983
Tao, Jianguo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7632-1594
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (CA241713)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (CA233601)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (CA234519)
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Article History
Received: 18 August 2025
Revised: 22 December 2025
Accepted: 2 February 2026
First Online: 12 February 2026
Competing interests
: JW Craig: consultant and expert testimony for Bayer; Honoraria from BeiGene. CA Portell: consultant for AbbVie, AstraZeneca, BeiGene/BeiOne, Genentech, Jansen, Merck, Pfizer and receiving research support from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Acerta, BeiGene/BeiOne, Merck, SeaGen/Pfizer, Loxo/Lilly, Genentech. ME Williams: consultant/advisory Board for AstraZeneca, Beigene, Janssen and receiving grant/research support from Janssen. J Tao is a founder of NewPath Therapeutics. LLC. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
: All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. All animal studies were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Virginia (protocol number: 4453). Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained under protocols approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Virginia (protocol number: 00000447), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
