Wang, Yun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5836-0872
Li, Chunhua https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2917-1661
Gale, Robert Peter
Liang, Qi
Kay, Neil E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5951-5055
Huang, Qianqian
Song, Yiling
Wang, Weida https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8272-5421
Liang, Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4226-9580
Funding for this research was provided by:
Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (Y-SYBLD2022MS-0140)
Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82470162)
Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation
Article History
Received: 7 October 2025
Revised: 17 March 2026
Accepted: 14 April 2026
First Online: 30 April 2026
Competing interests
: RPG is a consultant to Antengene Biotech LLC, Ascentage Pharma Group, and NexImmune Inc.; Medical Director, FFF Enterprises Inc.; Board of Directors: Russian Foundation for Cancer Research Support; and Scientific Advisory Boards, Nanexa AB and StemRad Ltd. NEK is on the advisory boards of AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Beigene, Behring, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Dava Oncology, Janssen, Juno Therapeutics, and Pharmacyclics. He is on the Data Safety Monitoring Committee for Agios Pharm, AstraZeneca, BMS–Celgen,e and Dren Bio Janssen. He receives research funding from AbbVie, Acerta Pharma, BMS- Celgene, Genentech, Pharmacyclics, Sunesis, and Vincerx. No other authors have competing interests to declare.
: This study did not require ethics approval because it was based on previously published studies. No individual-level identifiable patient data were used.