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Authors
Winter, Lis https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2537-4848
Pawlowsky, Lea
Muth, Amelie https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6900-7212
Neumann, Anne-Sophie https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5576-6983
White, Kieron
Kazerani, Maryam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5803-4807
Nixdorf, Daniel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1612-9952
Brauchle, Bettina
Rohrbacher, Lisa
Hänel, Gerulf https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4685-6499
Petrera, Agnese
Briem, Eva
Hoffmann, Gordon V.
Janert, Thomas
Carlini, Emanuele
Gottschlich, Adrian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2898-4182
Spiekermann, Karsten https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5139-4957
Straub, Tobias
Kischel, Roman
Kobold, Sebastian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5612-4673
Andreeff, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1144-1958
Buecklein, Veit L. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7391-7280
Subklewe, Marion https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9154-9469
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Article History
Received: 10 December 2025
Revised: 30 March 2026
Accepted: 15 May 2026
First Online: 1 June 2026
Competing interests
: MS has received industry support from from Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS)/Celgene, Gilead/Kite, Johnson & Johnson, Miltenyi Biotec, Novartis, Roche, Seattle Genetics, and Takeda; and serves as a consultant/advisor for AbbVie, Crossbow, Debiopharm, Gilead/Kite, Interius, Johnson & Johnson, Molecular Partners, Novartis, and Otsuka; and serves on the speakers’ bureau at Amgen, BMS/Celgene, Gilead/Kite, Miltenyi Biotec, Novartis, Roche, and Takeda. SK has received honoraria from Cymab, Plectonic, TCR2 Inc, Galapagos, Novartis, Regeneron, BMS, Miltenyi, and GSK. SK is an inventor of several patents in the field of immuno-oncology. SK received license fees from TCR2 Inc. and Carina Biotech. SK received research support from TCR2 Inc., Tabby Therapeutics, Catalym GmbH, Plectonic GmbH, and Arcus Bioscience for work unrelated to the manuscript. RK has stock ownership in Amgen Inc. VB has received research funding from Gilead/Kite and Miltenyi Biotec; educational grants from BMS, Novartis, Takeda, and Roche; served as a consultant/advisor for Amgen, Gilead/Kite, Novartis, Pfizer, and Priothera; and serves on the speaker’s bureau for Novartis and Pfizer.
: The authors confirm that all methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. All human samples were collected with written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approval by the Institutional Review Board of the LMU Munich. All in vivo experiments were approved and performed in accordance with the guidelines implemented by the Regierung von Oberbayern.
