Article History
Received: 21 April 2025
Revised: 28 September 2025
Accepted: 5 November 2025
First Online: 4 January 2026
Conflict of interest
: H.T. is the founder, Chief Scientific Officer, and Chairman of Renshine Solar Co., Ltd., a company that is commercializing perovskite PVs. The other authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.