Song, Meiting https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4290-6671
Chauhan, Nitesh
Harrington, Mark W.
Montifiore, Nick
Liu, Kaikai https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1360-9646
Hunter, Andrew S.
Caron, Chris
Isichenko, Andrei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5373-4396
Niffenegger, Robert J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0226-1736
Blumenthal, Daniel J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1735-7220
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (W911NF2310179)
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (W911NF2310179)
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (W911NF2310179)
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (W911NF2310179)
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (W911NF2310179)
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (W911NF2310179)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-22-2-0008)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-22-2-0008)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-22-2-0008)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-22-2-0008)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-22-2-0008)
National Science Foundation (2016244)
Article History
Received: 28 June 2025
Revised: 7 November 2025
Accepted: 11 November 2025
First Online: 2 January 2026
Conflict of interest
: D.J.B.’s work was funded by ColdQuanta d.b.a. Infleqtion. D.J.B. has consulted for Infleqtion, received compensation, and owns stock. Daniel J. Blumenthal is an Editor for the journal, and no other author has reported any competing interests.