Gray, Robert M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5980-8774
Sekine, Ryoto https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6135-8581
Shen, Maximilian
Zacharias, Thomas
Williams, James
Zhou, Selina
Chawlani, Rahul https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0513-7216
Ledezma, Luis
Englebert, Nicolas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5170-9576
Marandi, Alireza https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0470-0050
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (D23AP00158)
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (W911NF-23-1-0048)
National Science Foundation (2408297)
National Science Foundation (1918549)
United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-23-1-0755)
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
NASA | Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Belgian American Educational Foundation
EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (101103780)
Article History
Received: 3 April 2025
Revised: 15 December 2025
Accepted: 8 January 2026
First Online: 6 February 2026
Conflict of interest
: R.S., R.M.G., and A.M. are inventors on a U.S. provisional patent application filed by the California Institute of Technology (application number 63/532,648). R.S., L.L., and A.M. are involved in developing photonic integrated nonlinear circuits at PINC Technologies Inc. R.S., L.L., and A.M. have an equity interest in PINC Technologies Inc.