Winship, Declan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3994-1153
Liao, Weilin
Lu, Hsueh-Tsung
Lara-Ibeas, Irene
Zhao, Xiangyu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3525-9747
Xu, Qu
Qian, Tao
Gordenker, Robert
Qin, Yutao https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4589-4485
Gianchandani, Yogesh B.
Funding for this research was provided by:
ODNI | Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (FA8650-19-C-9105, FA8650-19-C-9105, FA8650-19-C-9105, FA8650-19-C-9105, FA8650-19-C-9105, FA8650-19-C-9105, FA8650-19-C-9105, FA8650-19-C-9105, FA8650-19-C-9105, FA8650-19-C-9105)
Article History
Received: 22 February 2024
Revised: 16 April 2025
Accepted: 17 May 2025
First Online: 11 July 2025
Conflict of interest
: The industrial partner selected for commercial development of this technology is Omniscent, Inc. Issued and pending patents have been licensed to this entity, which is focused primarily on monitoring industrial pollutants. The corresponding authors (Y.Q. and Y.B.G.) have equity interests in Omniscent, Inc.