Document is current

Article History

Received: 2 April 2023

Revised: 2 August 2023

Accepted: 9 August 2023

First Online: 8 September 2023

Competing interests

: Dr. Cortese declares honoraria and reimbursement for travel and accommodation expenses for lectures from the following non- profit associations: Association for Child and Adolescent Central Health (ACAMH), Canadian ADHD Alliance Resource (CADDRA), British Association of Pharmacology (BAP), and from Healthcare Convention for educational activity on ADHD. Dr. Faraone received income, potential income, travel expenses continuing education support and/or research support from Aardvark, Aardwolf, Tris, Otsuka, Ironshore, KemPharm/Corium, Akili, Supernus, Atentiv, Noven, Sky Therapeutics, Axsome, Johnson & Johnson and Genomind. With his institution, he has US patent US20130217707 A1 for the use of sodium-hydrogen exchange inhibitors in the treatment of ADHD. He also receives royalties from books published by Guilford Press: Straight Talk about Your Child’s Mental Health, Oxford University Press: Schizophrenia: The Facts and Elsevier: ADHD: Non-Pharmacologic Interventions. He is Program Director of and . Dr. Larsson reports receiving grants from Shire Pharmaceuticals; personal fees from and serving as a speaker for Medice, Shire/Takeda Pharmaceuticals and Evolan Pharma AB; and sponsorship for a conference on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from Shire/Takeda Pharmaceuticals and Evolan Pharma AB, all outside the submitted work. Dr. Polanczyk has served as a consultant/speaker to Abbott, Ache, Medice, Novo Nordisk, and Takeda, and has received royalties from Editora Manole. Dr. Rohde has received grant or research support from, served as a consultant to, and served on the speakers’ bureau of Abbott, Aché, Bial, Medice, Novartis/Sandoz, Pfizer/Upjohn, and Shire/Takeda in the last three years. The ADHD and Juvenile Bipolar Disorder Outpatient Programs chaired by Dr Rohde have received unrestricted educational and research support from the following pharmaceutical companies in the last three years: Novartis/Sandoz and Shire/Takeda. Dr Rohde has received authorship royalties from Oxford Press and ArtMed. Dr. Solmi received honoraria/has been a consultant for AbbVie, Angelina, Lundbeck, Otsuka.

: We followed the standard procedure recommended to register additional publication from GBD2019 project after publication of capstone paper. Our study was also approved by the Institutional Review Board at Yonsei University Health System for the data use.