Power, Grace M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5702-7728
Warne, Naomi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6160-8982
Bould, Helen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8163-3210
Casanova, Francesco https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0275-4765
Jones, Samuel E. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0153-922X
Richardson, Tom G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7918-2040
Tyrrell, Jessica https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9256-6065
Davey Smith, George https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1407-8314
Heron, Jon https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6199-5644
Funding for this research was provided by:
RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/N0137941/1, MC_UU_00032/01, MC_UU_00032/02, MC_UU_00032/01, MC_UU_00032/01, MC_UU_00032/02)
Prudence Trust
Academy of Medical Sciences (SBF004\1079)
Article History
Received: 29 September 2023
Revised: 11 July 2024
Accepted: 15 July 2024
First Online: 13 August 2024
Competing interests
: TGRĀ is an employee of GlaxoSmithKline outside of this research. All other authors declare no competing interests.
: The UK Biobank study have obtained ethics approval from the Research Ethics Committee (REC; approval number: 11/NW/0382) and informed consent from all participants enrolled in UK Biobank. Estimates were derived using data from the UK Biobank (app #76538). Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the ALSPAC ethics and law committee and the local research ethics committees. Informed consent for the use of data collected via questionnaires and clinics was obtained from participants following the recommendations of the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee at the time.