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Article History

Received: 21 June 2024

Revised: 8 January 2025

Accepted: 19 February 2025

First Online: 6 March 2025

Competing interests

: MTH serves on scientific advisory boards for Alector, Dementia Discovery Fund, UK DRI, and T3D Therapeutics. He has received honoraria for consultations and/or oral presentations from AC Immune, Biogen, Eisai, Novo Nordisk, and Roche. SG has served on scientific advisory boards for ADvantage Therapeutics, Alzheon, AmyriAD, Biogen Canada, Eisai Canada, Enigma, Lilly Canada, Lundbeck, Medesis, Roche Canada, Sharon Francis Foundation, and TauRx. SAC, JHH-P, and MAB are full-time employees of Novo Nordisk A/S. HZ has served on scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for AbbVie, Acumen, Alector, Alzinova, ALZpath, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, Inc., AZTherapies, Inc., Cognition Therapeutics, Inc., Denali Therapeutics, Eisai, NervGen, Novo Nordisk, OptoCeutics, Passage Bio, Pinteon Therapeutics, Prothena, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Roche, Samumed, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics, Inc., and Wave Life Sciences. He has given lectures in symposia sponsored by AlzeCure, Biogen, Cellectricon, Fujirebio, and Roche, and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program (outside submitted work). He is also a Wallenberg Scholar and a Distinguished Professor at the Swedish Research Council, supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council (#2023-00356; #2022-01018 and #2019-02397); the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101053962; Swedish State Support for Clinical Research (#ALFGBG-71320); the Alzheimer Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF), USA (#201809-2016862); the AD Strategic Fund and the Alzheimer’s Association (#ADSF-21-831376-C, #ADSF-21-831381-C, #ADSF-21-831377-C, and #ADSF-24-1284328-C); the Bluefield Project; Cure Alzheimer’s Fund; the Olav Thon Foundation; the Erling-Persson Family Foundation; Stiftelsen för Gamla Tjänarinnor, Hjärnfonden, Sweden (#FO2022-0270); the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 860197 (MIRIADE); and the European Union Joint Programme – Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND2021-00694), the National Institute for Health and Care Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, and the UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (UKDRI-1003).