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Article History

Received: 12 July 2024

Revised: 3 March 2025

Accepted: 20 March 2025

First Online: 27 March 2025

Competing interests

: KBM has received speakers fee from MEDICE within the last 3 years. HL reports receiving grants from Shire Pharmaceuticals; personal fees from and serving as a speaker for Medice, Shire/Takeda Pharmaceuticals and Evolan Pharma AB; and sponsorship for a conference on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from Shire/Takeda Pharmaceuticals and Evolan Pharma AB, all outside the submitted work. HL is editor-in-chief of JCPP Advances. CS is founder and owner of a private Swedish clinic for assessment and treatment of ADHD in children and adults (SMART Psykiatri) and the founder of a digital selfcare tool for female ADHD (Letterlife). CS has participated at advisory boards, served as invited speaker and received honorariums/travel expenses from Shire/Takeda, Nordic Drugs, UCB Pharma, DNE Pharma, Novartis, Evolan, Lundbeck A/S, Gideon Richter and Medice during 2017–2024, serve as PI for research supported by Takeda 2022–2024 and receive royalties for popular science books on ADHD from publishing houses in Sweden, Denmark, Estonia, UK, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zeeland, Poland, Germany, France, Korea and China. SC has declared reimbursement for travel and accommodation expenses from the Association for Child and Adolescent Central Health (ACAMH) in relation to lectures delivered for ACAMH, the Canadian AADHD Alliance Resource, the British Association of Psychopharmacology, and from Healthcare Convention for educational activity on ADHD, and has received honoraria from Medice. JN reports the following disclosures (all unrelated to this work): consultant/advisory board for Adlon Therapeutics, Arbor, Corium, Lumos, Medice, Myriad, NLS, OnDosis, Rhodes, and Supernus; research support from Adlon, Otsuka, Shire, Supernus; honoraria for disease state lectures from Otsuka and Takeda and served as a consultant for the US National Football League. PHT has received speakers fee from MEDICE and Takeda within last 3 years. TMO has received speakers fee from Lundbeck A/S within the last 3 years. All other authors have nothing to declare.