Updates are available Correction dated 2025-05-14

Article History

Received: 17 March 2024

Revised: 16 March 2025

Accepted: 27 March 2025

First Online: 17 April 2025

Change Date: 9 May 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: In this article, the order in which the authors appeared in the author list was incorrectly given as Jun Zeng, Yuting Qiu, Chengying Yang, Xinrong Fan, Xiangyu Zhou, Chunxiang Zhang, Sui Zhu, Yang Long, Yan Wei, Kenji Hashimoto and Lijia Chang where it should have been Jun Zeng, Yuting Qiu, Chengying Yang, Xinrong Fan, Xiangyu Zhou, Chunxiang Zhang, Sui Zhu, Yang Long, Kenji Hashimoto, Lijia Chang, and Yan Wei. The original article has been corrected.

Change Date: 14 May 2025

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03049-2

Competing interests

: Dr. Hashimoto is one of the editorial board members of this journal. Dr. Hashimoto is the inventor of filed patent applications on “The use of R-ketamine in the treatment of psychiatric diseases”, “(S)-norketamine and salt thereof as pharmaceutical”, “R-ketamine and derivative thereof as prophylactic or therapeutic agent for neurodegeneration disease or recognition function disorder”, “Preventive or therapeutic agent and pharmaceutical composition for inflammatory diseases or bone diseases”, “R-ketamine and its derivatives as a preventive or therapeutic agent for a neurodevelopmental disorder”, and “TGF-β1 in the treatment of depression” by Chiba University. Dr. K. Hashimoto has also received speakers’ honoraria, consultant fees, or research support from Otsuka. The other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

: This study includes a meta-analysis of previously published articles and a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis based on publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics. No new human or animal participants were recruited or studied directly by the authors. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. All studies included in the meta-analysis had received ethical approval from their respective institutional review boards, and informed consent was obtained from all participants in those original studies. Ethical approval and participant consent for the GWAS datasets used in the MR analysis were obtained by the original investigators. Therefore, no additional ethical approval or informed consent was required for this study.