Aikins, Muna https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9831-6255
Willems, Yayouk
Fraemke, Deniz
Mitchell, Colter https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9560-1199
Goosby, Bridget
Raffington, Laurel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0144-5605
Funding for this research was provided by:
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (1R01HD114724)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health
Article History
Received: 9 April 2024
Revised: 19 February 2025
Accepted: 31 March 2025
First Online: 9 April 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was granted ethical approval by the Institutional Review Boards (IRB) of the University of Michigan and Princeton University. Informed written consent was obtained from all participants and study participants’ legal guardians. The Center for Research on Child Wellbeing (CRCW) at Princeton University reviewed the study protocols and approved the contract data application under #2022-15. Additionally, the Max Planck Institute for Human Development IRB reviewed the structured abstract and data protection plan for secondary data access to work with FFCWS data. Analyses were performed in accordance with FFCWS guidelines and regulations.