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Authors
Dardani, Christina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2019-7897
Robinson, Jamie W.
Jones, Hannah J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5883-9605
Rai, Dheeraj
Stergiakouli, Evie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3586-0927
Grove, Jakob https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2284-5744
Gardner, Renee
McIntosh, Andrew M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0198-4588
Havdahl, Alexandra
Hemani, Gibran
Davey Smith, George https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1407-8314
Richardson, Tom G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7918-2040
Gaunt, Tom R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0924-3247
Khandaker, Golam M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4935-9220
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Article History
Received: 24 June 2024
Revised: 26 March 2025
Accepted: 11 April 2025
First Online: 25 April 2025
Competing interests
: JWR is a full-time employee of Boehringer Ingelheim but undertook all relevant work when at the University of Bristol. TGR is a full-time employee of GlaxoSmithKline outside of this work. No funding body has influenced data collection, analyses, or their interpretation.
: ALSPAC data used as reference panel: ethical approval was obtained from the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee and the Local Research Ethics Committees. Consent for biological samples has been collected in accordance with the Human Tissue Act (2004).We are extremely grateful to all the families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them, and the whole ALSPAC team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists, and nurses. GWAS data: across all analyses summary data were used. These data are publicly available for research purposes. Details on the ethics declarations for each GWAS study can be found in the original publications. All analyses were conducted in accordance with the protocols and guidelines provided by the authors of the original methods.
