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Authors
Shen, Xueyi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0538-4774
Toenders, Yara J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4117-1143
Han, Laura K. M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9647-3723
Weihs, Antoine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7113-0027
Alexander, Nina
Andlauer, Till F. M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2917-5889
Brosch, Katharina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0526-8095
Forstner, Andreas J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1876-6368
Grotegerd, Dominik
Hahn, Tim https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6541-3795
Hermesdorf, Marco
Hosten, Norbert
Jamalabadi, Hamidreza https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2485-2374
Meinert, Susanne https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2177-7161
Milaneschi, Yuri https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3697-6617
Sämann, Philipp G. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8523-3628
Stein, Frederike
Stolicyn, Aleks https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1147-7539
Teutenberg, Lea
Thng, Gladi
Adams, Mark J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3599-6018
Thomas-Odenthal, Florian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4912-8307
Usemann, Paula
Völker, Uwe
Wittfeld, Katharina https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4383-5043
Herrera-Rivero, Marisol https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7064-9487
Jiang, Yunxuan
Tian, Chao
,
Groenewold, Nynke A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0865-8427
Koopowitz, Sheri-Michelle
Strike, Lachlan T.
Dannlowski, Udo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0623-3759
Jansen, Andreas
Kircher, Tilo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2514-2625
Nenadić, Igor https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0749-7473
Sim, Kang
Straube, Benjamin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9837-0944
Völzke, Henry
Stein, Dan J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7218-7810
Medland, Sarah E. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1382-380X
Berger, Klaus
Grabe, Hans J.
Krug, Axel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-2497
McMahon, Katie L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6357-615X
de Zubicaray, Greig https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4506-0579
Pozzi, Elena
Veltman, Dick J.
Thomopoulos, Sophia I.
Jahanshad, Neda
Thompson, Paul M.
Schmaal, Lianne https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9822-048X
McIntosh, Andrew M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0198-4588
Whalley, Heather C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4505-8869
,
de Zubicaray, Greig
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Article History
Received: 20 June 2024
Revised: 5 May 2025
Accepted: 28 July 2025
First Online: 19 August 2025
Competing interests
: Yunxuan Jiang, Chao Tian are employed by and hold stock or stock options in 23andMe, Inc. Dr. Stein has received consultancy honoraria from Discovery Vitality, Johnson & Johnson, Kanna, L’Oreal, Lundbeck, Orion, Sanofi, Servier, Takeda and Vistagen. Hans J. Grabe has received travel grants and speakers’ honoraria from Neuraxpharm, Servier, Indorsia and Janssen Cilag. PMT received partial research support from Biogen, Inc., for research unrelated to this manuscript. No other authors have conflict of interest to declare.
: The study was approved by the NHS Tayside Research Ethics committee (05/s1401/89). Written consents were obtained from all participants from each individual ENIGMA cohort and publicly available datasets. All analyses and interpretation were performed under the guidance of the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki (). The use, sharing and anonymisation for genetic and neuroimaging data were conducted under the EU General Data Protection Regulation (). Analyses and data management followed the guidelines of the UK Medical Research Council’s ‘Research, GDPR & Confidentiality’ training. Access to UK Biobank individual-level was obtained under the application #4844. The ABCD study was approved by the National Institute of Mental Health Data Archive, United States (NIMH), and data was accessed through the NDA data base (Federal-Wide Assurance: FWA00018101).
