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Authors
Huang, Xin
Han, Xiaolei
Chang, Hongli
Yu, Tianyu
Dong, Yi
Mao, Ming
Ding, Jiahao
Li, Xuewei
Liu, Huanjun
Tian, Minle
Li, Xiaomeng
Wang, Yumei
Bao, Yanping https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1881-0939
Du, Yifeng
Qiu, Chengxuan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1922-4912
Lu, Lin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0742-9072
Wang, Yongxiang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8832-7301
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Alzheimer's Association (AACSFD-22-922844)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2021MH005, ZR2023QH206 and ZR2023QH212)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82171175)
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Article History
Received: 15 July 2024
Revised: 22 July 2025
Accepted: 12 August 2025
First Online: 28 August 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The research involving human participants was reviewed and approved by the UK Biobank, which holds ethical approval from several bodies: the North West Multi-center Research Ethics Committee for the UK, the National Information Governance Board for Health and Social Care for England and Wales, and the Community Health Index Advisory Group for Scotland. Participants provided informed consent through a touchscreen interface, confirming their agreement with each statement on the consent form and signing electronically. As per national regulations and institutional guidelines, written consent was not required for participation in this study.
