Chen, Yu https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2483-6115
Liu, Tiantian https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5384-0642
Cao, Li-Zhi
Wang, Li https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9819-9051
Funahashi, Shintaro
Tang, Xiaoying
Wu, Jinglong
Meng, Wei
Zhang, Jian
Yan, Tianyi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2674-4134
,
Article History
Received: 29 October 2024
Revised: 17 June 2025
Accepted: 18 August 2025
First Online: 27 August 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Data acquisition of ADNI was conducted in compliance with the protocol (NCT02854033), in accordance with GCP guidelines, all relevant regulations and laws. All subjects were informed about the aims of the study and signed a consent form under the approval of the Institutional Review Boards (IRB) and Research Ethics Boards (REB). More details on ethics approval and consent to participate in ADNI can be found at .