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Article History

Received: 5 July 2024

Revised: 28 July 2025

Accepted: 19 August 2025

First Online: 5 September 2025

Competing interests

: The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR, Department of Health, or Sumitomo Pharma America, Inc. Dr. McCutcheon has received speaker/consultancy fees from Karuna, Janssen, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Otsuka, and co-directs a company that designs digital resources to support treatment of mental illness. Dr. Rutigliano is supported by the EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement 101026235 and by Guarantors of Brain with a Post-Doctoral Clinical Fellowship, and has been a consultant for Sumitomo Pharma. Dr. Howes has received investigator-initiated research funding from and/or participated in advisory/speaker meetings organized by Angellini, Autifony, Biogen, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Elysium, Heptares, Global Medical Education, Invicro, Jansenn, Karuna, Lundbeck, Merck, Neurocrine, Ontrack/Pangea, Otsuka, Sunovion, Recordati, Roche, Rovi and Viatris/Mylan. He was previously a part-time employee of Lundbeck A/v. Dr Howes has a patent for the use of dopaminergic imaging. All other authors report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.

: The Office for Research Ethics Northern Ireland approved data collection for people with schizophrenia as part of a clinical study (19/NI/0098; NCT04038957), and the London Dulwich Research Ethics Committee approved data collection for healthy controls (21/LO/0312). This paper only presents baseline data. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, and recruitment and study procedures were approved by the institutional review boards at each participating site.

: One participant provided potentially identifiable images and gave written informed consent for their publication in this article.