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Authors
Segura, Patricia
Pagani, Marco https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6052-6931
Bishop, Somer L.
Thomson, Phoebe https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0777-3992
Colcombe, Stan
Xu, Ting https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0065-3832
Factor, Zekiel Z. https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5425-0481
Hector, Emily C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1488-3150
Kim, So Hyun
Lombardo, Michael V. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6780-8619
Gozzi, Alessandro https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5731-4137
Castellanos, Xavier F. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9192-9437
Lord, Catherine https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5633-1253
Milham, Michael P.
Di Martino, Adriana
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH105506, R01MH115363, R01MH091864, R01MH120482)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2023-00265410)
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Article History
Received: 16 July 2024
Revised: 21 July 2025
Accepted: 27 August 2025
First Online: 23 October 2025
Competing interests
: Drs. Lord and Bishop receive royalties for the sale of diagnostic instruments they have co-authored (ADOS-2 and/or SCQ); profits generated from any of their own research or clinical activities are donated to charity. Dr. Di Martino is coauthor of the Italian version of the Social Responsiveness Scale — child version distributed in Italy by Organizzazioni Speciali, Italy. All other co-authors report no financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.
: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board at New York University (i15-01450) and by Advarra Inc. at the Child Mind Institute (Pro00030108). Written informed consent was obtained from parents/legal guardians of all participating children. Verbal assent was obtained from all child participants, and written assent was also obtained from children aged seven years or older.
