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Authors
Bränn, Emma https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9664-7973
Guintivano, Jerry https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3541-1101
Yang, Yihui
Lundborg, Louise
Opatowski, Marion
Fang, Fang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3310-6456
Valdimarsdóttir, Unnur A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5382-946X
Fransson, Emma https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9010-8522
Skalkidou, Alkistis
Lu, Yi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9933-3654
Lu, Donghao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4186-8661
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Uppsala Faculty of Medicine's foundation for psychiatric and neurological research, and Karolinska Institutet’s Research Foundation Grants
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH116413)
Icelandic Research Fund
European Research Council grant
Vetenskapsrådet (2020-01003)
Karolinska Institutet Strategic Research Area in Epidemiology and Biostatistics
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Article History
Received: 20 September 2024
Revised: 28 July 2025
Accepted: 27 August 2025
First Online: 25 September 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. The study was approved by the Regional Ethics Review Board in Stockholm (2018/1515-31 and amendment 2022-04605-01). In Sweden, written informed consent is not required for studies based solely on pseudonymised register data, in accordance with national ethical guidelines.
