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Authors
Thorpe, Hayley H. A.
Fontanillas, Pierre https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8944-4454
Meredith, John J.
Jennings, Mariela V.
Cupertino, Renata B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3452-0632
Pakala, Shreya R.
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Elson, Sarah L.
Khokhar, Jibran Y. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2169-2275
Davis, Lea K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5143-2282
Johnson, Emma C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0394-777X
Palmer, Abraham A.
Sanchez-Roige, Sandra https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6137-5699
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse (DP1DA054394, P50DA037844)
Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program (T32IR5226)
Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR) Postdoctoral Fellowship
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Article History
Received: 3 July 2024
Revised: 29 July 2025
Accepted: 28 August 2025
First Online: 13 October 2025
Competing interests
: PF, the 23andMe Research Team, and SLE were employed by 23andMe, Inc. PF and SLE hold stock or stock options in 23andMe, Inc. The remaining authors have nothing to disclose.
: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Participants provided informed consent and volunteered to participate in research online under a protocol approved by the external AAHRPP-accredited Institutional Review Board (IRB), Ethical & Independent (E&I) Review Services.
