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Authors
Kalimuthu, Balagangadharan
Lu, Haiyan
Steenhagen, Angelique
Dong, Qiping
Gray, Mitchell
Rigby, Michael J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8809-2648
Endresen, Andreas
Chang, Qiang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7625-2170
Li, Lingjun https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0056-3869
Puglielli, Luigi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0259-8424
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS094154)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM148487, P41GM108538)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (R01AG078794, R01AG052324, R01AG078794)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD064743, U54 HD105353)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK071801)
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Article History
Received: 29 April 2024
Revised: 1 August 2025
Accepted: 29 August 2025
First Online: 24 September 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare the following competing interests: L.P. is a consultant for Belharra Therapeutics. The remaining authors have no competing interests to disclose.
: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Animal studies were carried out in accordance with the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the University of Wisconsin-Madison under protocol #M005120. No humans were included in this study.
