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Authors
Giannelis, Alexandros https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4587-0336
Willoughby, Emily A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7559-1544
Edwards, Tobias
McGue, Matt https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5580-1433
Lee, James J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6547-5128
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Institute for Mental Chronometry
Institute for Mental Chronometry
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Article History
Received: 28 August 2024
Revised: 9 August 2025
Accepted: 2 September 2025
First Online: 20 September 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. We conducted no new genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for this paper and so did not obtain approval from a Research Ethics Committee or Institutional Review Board for that component. The Supplementary Information contains details and references with respect to institutional approval and informed consent pertinent to the archived GWAS data that we employed. For the polygenic prediction of test scores obtained by the MCTFR participants, the relevant data was collected under the approval of the University of Minnesota IRB (study #0303M45703). Signed informed consent was obtained from all MCTFR participants in accordance with the procedure approved by the IRB.
