Leggio, Lorenzo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7284-8754
Farokhnia, Mehdi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0902-4212
Kenny, Paul J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2426-3641
Pepino, Marta Yanina
Simmons, W. Kyle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0399-9003
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (ZIA-DA000635, ZIA-DA000635, R37DA020686, R01AA024103)
Article History
Received: 28 February 2025
Revised: 14 August 2025
Accepted: 5 September 2025
First Online: 27 September 2025
Competing interests
: Dr. Leggio reports, outside his federal employment at the NIH, honoraria from the UK Medical Council on Alcohol (Editor-in-Chief for Alcohol and Alcoholism) and book royalties from Routledge (as editor of a textbook). Dr. Simmons serves on a clinical trial steering committee for Apollo Therapeutics, and is a site PI for a clinical trial sponsored by Altimmune Inc. The other authors report no competing interests.