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Jan Ernsting,
Article History
Received: 19 January 2025
Revised: 12 August 2025
Accepted: 15 September 2025
First Online: 3 October 2025
Competing interests
: PMT and NJ received a research grant from Biogen, Inc. for research unrelated to this manuscript. HJG has received travel grants and speakers’ honoraria from Fresenius Medical Care, Neuraxpharm, Servier and Janssen Cilag as well as research funding from Fresenius Medical Care unrelated to this manuscript. JCS has served as a consultant for Pfizer, Sunovion, Sanofi, Johnson & Johnson, Livanova, and Boehringer Ingelheim. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.
: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany. In accordance with the current version of the Declaration of Helsinki, all methods in the participating cohorts were approved by the respective institutional review boards and local ethics committees, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. For participants under 18 years of age, written informed consent was additionally provided by a parent and/or legal guardian.