Renganathan, Arun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6722-8136
Minaya, Miguel A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2573-6087
Broder, Matthew
Alfradique-Dunham, Isabel
Miller, Rebecca L.
Dhavale, Dhruva D.
Moritz, Michelle
Bhagat, Reshma https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7135-1930
Marsh, Jacob
Verbeck, Anthony
Galasso, Grant
Starr, Emma
Agard, David A.
Kotzbauer, Paul T.
Cruchaga, Carlos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0276-2899
Karch, Celeste M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6854-5547
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS110890, NS123985, NS110436, NS097799)
Rainwater Charitable Organization
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (AG083215)
Article History
Received: 17 February 2025
Revised: 27 August 2025
Accepted: 16 September 2025
First Online: 6 October 2025
Competing interests
: CMK serves as an advisor for Eisai Co. Ltd. PTK receives research support from Biogen Inc. DDD and PTK have ownership interest in Helical Biosciences LLC.
: The informed consent was approved by the Washington University School of Medicine Institutional Review Board and Ethics Committee (IRB 201104178 and 201306108). The University of California San Francisco Institutional Review Board approved the operating protocols of the UCSF Neurodegenerative Disease Brain Bank (from which brain tissues were obtained). Participants or their surrogates provided consent for autopsy, in keeping with the guidelines put forth in the Declaration of Helsinki, by signing the hospital’s autopsy form. If the participant had not provided future consent before death, the DPOA or next of kin provided it after death. All data were analyzed anonymously.