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Authors
Liu, Siwei https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1277-484X
Agartz, Ingrid
Allen, Paul
Amminger, G. Paul
Andreassen, Ole A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4461-3568
Bachman, Peter
Baeza, Inmaculada
Baldwin, Helen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9507-9019
Bartholomeusz, Cali F.
Borgwardt, Stefan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5792-3987
Catalano, Sabrina
Chen, Xiaogang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0396-5265
Cho, Kang Ik K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7135-3848
Choi, Sunah https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5666-3485
Colibazzi, Tiziano
Cooper, Rebecca E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7056-5141
Corcoran, Cheryl M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8902-4353
Cropley, Vanessa L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0029-1525
de Haan, Lieuwe
de la Fuente-Sandoval, Camilo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0773-1642
Dolz, Montserrat
Ebdrup, Bjørn H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2590-5055
Fortea, Adriana https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3681-0841
Fusar-Poli, Paolo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3582-6788
Glenthøj, Louise Birkedal
Glenthøj, Birte Yding https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3056-7262
Haas, Shalaila S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1385-1050
Hamilton, Holly K.
Haut, Kristen M.
Hayes, Rebecca A.
He, Ying https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8667-3107
Heekeren, Karsten https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5105-1922
Hegelstad, Wenche ten Velden https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1148-8825
Hooker, Christine I.
Horton, Leslie E.
Hubl, Daniela
Hwang, Wu Jeong
Kaess, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0031-7764
Kasai, Kiyoto https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4443-4535
Katagiri, Naoyuki
Kim, Minah https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8668-0817
Kindler, Jochen
Klaunig, Mallory J.
Koike, Shinsuke https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3375-236X
Kristensen, Tina D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9616-762X
Kwak, Yoo Bin
Kwon, Jun Soo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1060-1462
Lawrie, Stephen M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2444-5675
Lebedeva, Irina
Lemmers-Jansen, Imke LJ https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9044-6468
León-Ortiz, Pablo
Lin, Ashleigh
Loewy, Rachel L.
Ma, Xiaoqian
Mathalon, Daniel H. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6090-4974
McGorry, Patrick
McGuire, Philip https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4381-0532
Michel, Chantal
Mizrahi, Romina https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6667-7928
Mizuno, Masafumi
Møller, Paul https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5669-0122
Mora-Durán, Ricardo
Muñoz-Samons, Daniel
Nelson, Barnaby
Nemoto, Takahiro https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7318-7377
Nordentoft, Merete
Nordholm, Dorte
Omelchenko, Maria A.
Ouyang, Lijun
Pantelis, Christos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9565-0238
Pariente, Jose C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7358-7602
Raghava, Jayachandra M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9008-6757
Rasser, Paul E.
Resch, Franz https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9479-518X
Reyes-Madrigal, Francisco https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0772-4119
Rivera-Chávez, Luis F. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4956-2808
Røssberg, Jan I.
Rössler, Wulf
Salisbury, Dean F.
Sasabayashi, Daiki https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8512-7438
Schall, Ulrich
Schiffman, Jason
Schmidt, Andre https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6055-8397
Smigielski, Lukasz
Sørensen, Mikkel E.
Sugranyes, Gisela https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2545-7862
Suzuki, Michio
Takahashi, Tsutomu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3213-6183
Tamnes, Christian K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9191-6764
Tang, Jinsong
Theodoridou, Anastasia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4792-385X
Thomopoulos, Sophia I. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0046-4070
Tomyshev, Alexander S.
Tor, Jordina
Uhlhaas, Peter J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-2224
Værnes, Tor G.
van Amelsvoort, Therese AMJ
Velakoulis, Dennis https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8842-8479
Via, Esther https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2331-3232
Vinogradov, Sophia
Waltz, James A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-3719
Wenneberg, Christina
Westlye, Lars T. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8644-956X
Wood, Stephen J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4186-5919
Yamasue, Hidenori https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2748-6317
Yuan, Liu
Yung, Alison R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0401-9791
Chee, Michael WL
Thompson, Paul M.
Hernaus, Dennis https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8370-5756
Jalbrzikowski, Maria https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6574-9432
Lee, Jimmy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7724-7445
Zhou, Juan H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0180-8648
,
de Haan, Lieuwe
de la Fuente-Sandoval, Camilo
Kwak, Yoo Bin
van Amelsvoort, Therese AMJ
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Article History
Received: 4 August 2024
Revised: 10 September 2025
Accepted: 7 October 2025
First Online: 22 October 2025
Competing interests
: Professor Ingrid Agartz has received lecturer honoraria from Lundbeck. Professor Ole A Andreassen has received personal fees from Lundbeck and Sunovion and has served as a consultant for Cortechs.ai. Dr Inmaculada Baeza has received personal fees from Angelini Pharma, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, and Otsuka-Lundbeck. Professor Bjørn H. Ebdrup is part of the Advisory Board of Boehringer Ingelheim, Lundbeck Pharma, and Orion Pharma; and has received lecture fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Otsuka Pharma Scandinavia AB, and Lundbeck Pharma. Professor Paolo Fusar-Poli received grants from Lundbeck; personal fees from Angelini Pharma and Menarini Group; and nonfinancial support from Boehringer Ingelheim. Professor Birte Yding Glenthøj has been the leader of a Lundbeck Foundation Centre of Excellence for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) (January 2009 – December 2021), which was partially financed by an independent grant from the Lundbeck Foundation based on international review and partially financed by the Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, the University of Copenhagen, and other foundations. All grants are the property of the Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark and administrated by them. Dr Louise Birkedal Glenthøj has received support from the TrygFoundation; the Danish Research Council on Independent Research; the Lundbeck Foundation Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, CINS. Professor Kiyoto Kasai has received grants from Novartis, Astellas, Merck Sharp and Dohme, Eli Lily and Company, Dainippon-Sumitomo Corporation, Eisai, Otsuka, Shionogi, Ono, Tanabe-Mitsubishi, and Takeda; personal fees from Otsuka, Fuji-Film, Yoshitomi, Kyowa, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Astellas, Meiji Seika Pharma, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, and Takeda; and serves on the funding committees of Takeda Science Foundation and Astellas. Dr Shinsuke Koike has received grants from Agency for Medical Research and Development, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, the Naito Foundation, and Takeda Science Foundation. Professor Daniel H Mathalon has served as a consultant to Boehringer Ingelheim and Neurocrine. Professor Takahiro Nemoto has received personal fees from Astellas, Eisai, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Meiji Seika Pharma, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, and Takeda. Professor Christos Pantelis has received honoraria for talks at educational meetings and has served on an advisory board for Lundbeck, Australia Pty Ltd.. Dr Francisco Reyes-Madrigal has received speaker fees from Janssen (Johnson & Johnson). Professor Wulf Rössler is supported by the Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP). The donor had no further role in the experimental design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, writing, and submitting this article for publication. Professor Michio Suzuki had received personal fees from Nakagawa Hospital. Professor Peter J Uhlhaas has received grants from Lundbeck and Eli Lilly UK. Professor Paul M Thompson receives partial research support from Biogen, Inc., for research unrelated to this manuscript. Dr Jimmy Lee has received grants from the Singapore Ministry of Health’s National Medical Research Council; honoraria from Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals, Lundbeck Singapore and Janssen Pharmaceuticals. Other authors have no conflict of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. All 31 sites obtained local institutional review board approval. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the Boston Children’s Hospital also approved the ENIGMA-CHR Repository (IRB-P00043549). Written informed consent was obtained from every participant, or from the participant’s guardian for minors. All studies were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki [ ].
