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Authors
Thorpe, Hayley H. A.
Cupertino, Renata B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3452-0632
Pakala, Shreya Reddy
Fontanillas, Pierre https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8944-4454
Jennings, Mariela V.
Yang, Jane
Meredith, John J.
Greenwood, Tiffany https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6080-6503
Bianchi, Sevim B.
Vilar-Ribó, Laura https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8758-523X
Niarchou, Maria
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Aslibekyan, Stella
Auton, Adam
Babalola, Elizabeth
Bell, Robert K.
Bielenberg, Jessica
Chaudhary, Ninad S.
Cochinwala, Zayn
Das, Sayantan
DelloRusso, Emily
Dibaeinia, Payam
Eriksson, Nicholas
Eijsbouts, Chris
Filshtein, Teresa
Foletti, Davide
Freyman, Will
Fuller, Zach
Granka, Julie M.
German, Chris
Harney, Éadaoin
Hernandez, Alejandro
Hicks, Barry
Hinds, David A.
Jabalameli, M. Reza
Jewett, Ethan M.
Jiang, Yunxuan
Karagounis, Sotiris
Kaufmann, Lucy
Kmiecik, Matt
Kukar, Katelyn
Kwong, Alan
Lin, Keng-Han
Liang, Yanyu
Llamas, Bianca A.
Khan, Aly
Micheletti, Steven J.
McIntyre, Matthew H.
Moreno, Meghan E.
Nandakumar, Priyanka
Nguyen, Dominique T.
O’Connell, Jared
Pitts, Steve
Poznik, G. David
Reynoso, Alexandra
Saini, Shubham
Schumacher, Morgan
Selcer, Leah
Shastri, Anjali J.
Shi, Jingchunzi
Shringarpure, Suyash
Stagaman, Keaton
Sterling, Teague
Su, Qiaojuan Jane
Tung, Joyce Y.
Tat, Susana A.
Tran, Vinh
Wang, Xin
Wang, Wei
Weldon, Catherine H.
Williams, Amy L.
Wilton, Peter
Elson, Sarah L.
Ideker, Trey
Davis, Lea K.
MacKillop, James https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4118-9500
deWit, Harriet https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7211-8994
Gustavson, Daniel E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1470-4928
Mallard, Travis T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3265-3001
Palmer, Abraham A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3634-0747
Sanchez-Roige, Sandra https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6137-5699
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse (DP1DA054394, DP1DA054394, P50DA037844)
Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program (T32IR5226, T32IR5226, T32IR5226, T32IR5226, 28IR-0070)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (5R25MH081482-17, R01MH118223, K08MH135343)
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Article History
Received: 1 November 2024
Revised: 29 July 2025
Accepted: 6 November 2025
First Online: 25 November 2025
Competing interests
: P.F., the 23andMe Research Team, and S.L.E. were employed by 23andMe, Inc. P.F. and S.L.E. hold stock or stock options in 23andMe, Inc. The remaining authors have nothing to disclose.
: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Participants provided informed consent and volunteered to participate in research online under a protocol approved by the external AAHRPP-accredited Institutional Review Board ( IRB ), Ethical & Independent ( E&I ) Review Services.
