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Article History
Received: 31 July 2023
Revised: 28 July 2025
Accepted: 27 November 2025
First Online: 13 January 2026
Competing interests
: GF owns equity in Alto Neuroscience and has received monetary compensation for consulting work for SynapseBio AI. HG has received speaker’s honoraria from Neuraxpharma, Servier, Fresenius, Janssen-Cilag. JS provides interest or action in ALKERMES – Research Grant; ALLERGAN – Research Grant; ASOFARMA – Consultant; ATAI – Stock – less than U.S. $5k; BOEHRINGER Ingelheim – Consultant; COMPASS – Research Grant; JOHNSON & JOHNSON – Consultant; LIVANOVA - Consultant; PFIZER - Consultant; PULVINAR NEURO LLC – Consultant; RELMADA - Consultant; SANOFI - Consultant; SUNOVIAN - Consultant” unrelated to the current manuscript. KH is a scientific advisor and received virtual stock options of Mental Tech GmbH, which develops an AI-based chatbot providing mental health support. DJS reports consultancy honoraria from Discovery Vitality, Kanna, L’Oreal, Lundbeck, Orion, Servier, Seaport Therapeutics, Takeda, and Wellcome. All other authors do not report any competing interests.
: All participating research sites obtained approval from local ethics committees. All procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees and all methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.
: We confirm that all human subjects provided informed consent in the study.