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Authors
Gasperi, Marianna https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4112-5232
Rosenthal, Sara Brin
Maihofer, Adam X.
Gerstenberger, Armand
Dochtermann, Daniel https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9513-5124
Choquet, Hélène https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9839-8667
Pressman, Alice
Panizzon, Matthew S.
Stein, Murray B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9564-2871
Schuster, Nathaniel M.
Pyarajan, Saiju https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9047-3762
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Afari, Niloofar
Nievergelt, Caroline M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5766-8923
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (1IK2CX002107)
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (1I01RD001420)
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (BX005920)
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (RX004293)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1TR001442.)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (R01MH106595)
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Article History
Received: 29 January 2025
Revised: 14 November 2025
Accepted: 2 December 2025
First Online: 19 December 2025
Competing interests
: Dr. Stein has in the past 3 years received consulting income from atai Life Sciences, BigHealth, Biogen, Bionomics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Delix Therapeutics, EmpowerPharm, Engrail Therapeutics, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Karuna Therapeutics, Lundbeck, Lykos Therapeutics, NeuroTrauma Sciences, Otsuka US, PureTech Health, Roche/Genentech, Sage Therapeutics, Seaport Therapeutics, and Transcend Therapeutics. Dr. Stein has stock options in Oxeia Biopharmaceuticals and EpiVario. He has been paid for his editorial work on Depression and Anxiety (Editor-in-Chief), Biological Psychiatry (Deputy Editor), and UpToDate (Co-Editor-in-Chief for Psychiatry). He is on the scientific advisory board of the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation and the Anxiety and Depression Association of America. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to report. Dr. Gasperi is supported by the VA 1IK2CX002107 and 1I01RD001420 from the US Department of Veterans Affairs Clinical Science Research and Development Service. Dr. Nievergelt is funded by the Department of Veterans Affairs, Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development (BLRD) BX005920, and Rehabilitation Research and Development (RR&D) RX004293 and by NIMH R01MH106595. This research was partially supported by the Altman Clinical & Translational Research Institute (ACTRI) at the University of California, San Diego. The ACTRI is funded by awards issued by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH UL1TR001442. Genotyping of the GERA cohort was funded by a grant from the National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Mental Health, and National Institute of Health Common Fund (RC2 AG036607). The study of Choquet et al. was funded by a grant from the National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) R01NS080863. Dr. Choquet is supported by the National Eye Institute (NEI) grant R01EY033010, and by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) R01CA241623.
